Physical+Science-Simple+Machine+(pg.+303-326)

Physical Science-Simple Machine (pg. 303-326) 11/2


 * < Content || p.304-307 Screws and Inclined Planes-

p.307-313 Levers- **Tina Gibson** Examples of the three classes:
 * Three parts to a lever: (a) fulcrum, the point on which it pivots; (b) effort arm, the part on which the force is exerted; and (c) resistance or load, arm, the part that bears the load to be raised.
 * Levers are arranged in three different combinations called classes:
 * 1) Seesaws, crowbars, and can openers are first class levers.
 * 2) Wheelbarrow and post puller are second-class levers.
 * 3) Your arm acts as a third-class level.
 * A mobile is a combination of several suspended levers with attached figures.
 * Archimedes showed that the principles behind the lever could be applied in useful ways.
 * He developed war machines to protect Syracuse from the battle between Rome and Carhage.
 * He invented immense cranes that could lift enemy ships right out of water if they came close to Syracuse.
 * He did many experiment with equilibrium and the center of gravity showing that the balancing point of an object is not always its center.

p.313-318 Wheel and Axle- **Meagan Ricks**
 * The wheel and axle is also known as the "windlass" which looks like a wheel and axle but is actually more and not considered a simple machine.
 * In a wagon wheel, the axle is stationary and the wheel is designed to reduce friction by lessening surface area which touches the road.
 * Spinning of the axle causes the wheel to rotate which provides a gain in force.
 * A windlass is a continuous lever.
 * Mechanical advantage of a windlass can only be found by dividing resistance by effort because friction is so high.
 * A longer handle on a windlass allows for less effort but more distance through which the effort is applies and a shorter handle results in the opposite.
 * This concept can help students to understand why a mechanical pencil sharpener with a normal handle works better than one with a short or broken handle and why a larger steering wheel is easier to turn than a smaller one.
 * Belts, chains, and wheels with gears can help to modify how axles and wheels interact such as in a bicycle.
 * Older students can investigate mechanical advantage of a bicycle by counting the number of teeth on different gears of a bike.

p.318-321 Pulley-**Sarah Roach**
 * A fixed pulley is securely fastened to an object.
 * A movable object moves vertically or laterally with the load.
 * Pulleys are similar to levers and windlasses.
 * Fixed pulleys can only change the direction of a force. An example is if a seesaw whose fulcrum is centered, the effort arm and the resistance arm are of equal length.
 * Movable pulleys offer a mechanical advantage of two. The resistance arm is only half the effort-arm length. An example is a wheelbarrow, it is a variation of a second-class lever.
 * //Block and tackle// is when we use a fixed and movable pulley we can change the direction of a force and decrease the force necessary to lift a load.
 * By adding more movable pulleys effort can be reduced.
 * Friction limits how far we can go in adding pulleys to reduce effort. It can be partly overcome by oiling the axle.
 * The block-and-tackle setup supports an equal fraction of a load. Two supporting ropes have a mechanical advantage of two. (and so on if you keep adding ropes)
 * Pulleys do not only lift objects, they can be used to deliver power.
 * A smaller pulley can turn a larger pulley that goes slower but provides more torque.
 * Power pulleys were used in early factories. A water wheel and a steam engine were used to supply energy to the lay shaft. Which is a long, cylindrical bar with small pulley wheels that rotated and transmitted power down the center of the work space.

p.321-326 Motion & Friction-**Katie Mattie** 0507.Inq.1 Explore different scientific phenomena by asking questions, making logical predictions, planning investigations, and recording data. 0507.Inq.2 Select and use appropriate tools and simple equipment to conduct an investigation. 0507.T/E.1 Describe how tools, technology, and inventions help to answer questions and solve problems. 0507.T/E.2 Recognize that new tools, technology, and inventions are always being developed. 0507.T/E.3 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines that can extend or enhance the ability to solve a specified problem. 0507.T/E.4 Recognize the connection between scientific advances, new knowledge, and the availability of new tools and technologies. 0507.Inq.2 Identify tools needed to investigate specific questions. 0507.T/E.4 Evaluate an invention that solves a problem and determine ways to improve the design. __**SPI:**__ SPI 0507.T/E.1 Select a tool, technology, or invention that was used to solve a human problem. 0507.T/E.2 Recognize the connection between a scientific advance and the development of a new tool or technology.
 * Most machines we use are complex; they are combinations of simple machines.
 * Some machines have mainly a //straight-line motion//. A few examples are toy or real trains, a bicycle, roller skates, and steamrollers.
 * Some machines or their parts make a repeated forward and backward movement called //periodic motion.// Examples are the pendulum in the grandfather clock, swing, mechanical walking doll, metronome, and some lawn sprinklers.
 * Some machines or their parts make a continuous spinning motion in one direction as they work. This is //rotary motion.// Examples are merry-go-rounds, turntable on a record player, rotary lawn sprinkler, and clock hands.
 * Parts of mechanical toys and machines are designed to produce a particular motion and to change it.
 * Any moving machine or part continues to produce its designed motion unless another force is applied to alter, reverse, or stop it.
 * Accompanying all motion is //friction,// the resistance produced when two surfaces rub together. The tiny ridges in a "smooth" surface, or the larger bumps and hollows in a rough one, catch and resist when surfaces rub together.
 * The mutual attraction of molecules on the opposing surfaces also adds to the resistance we call fricion.
 * Surface pressure is another condition that affects friction. A heavy object has more friction than a lighter one.
 * Lubricating a surface is effective because the oil or grease fills in the spaces between the ridges and bumps. Opposing surfaces mostly slide against the lubricant, rather than rub against each other.
 * In many machines, ball bearings or roller bearings are used to change sliding friction to rolling friction. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction because a load-bearing rolling object rolls over tiny surface ridges or bumps, rather than catches against them.
 * Friction reduces a machine's efficiency by robbing some of its power. It also creates heat as surfaces rub and wears out parts.
 * Friction also allows us to brake a car or bicycle, walk or run, or write on paper. ||
 * < TN State Standards || **1. Levers (Tina Gibson)**
 * __GLE:__**
 * __Checks for Understanding:__**

//__**GLE**__**:**// 0407.Inq.1 Explore different scientific phenomena by asking questions, making logical predictions, planning investigations, and recording data. 0407.Inq.2 Select and use appropriate tools and simple equipment to conduct an investigation. 0407.T/E.1 Describe how tools, technology, and inventions help to answer questions and solve problems. 0407.T/E.1 Explain how different inventions and technologies impact people and other living organisms. __**//State Performance Indicators//**__**//://** SPI 0407.T/E.1 S elect a tool, technology, or invention that was used to solve a human problem.
 * 2. Wheel and Axle - 4th Grade Standards (Meagan Ricks)**
 * //__Checks for Understanding__://**

__GLE:__ 0507.T/E.2 Recognize that new tools, technology, and inventions are always being developed. 0507.T/E.4 Recognize the connection between scientific advances, new knowledge, and the availability of new tools and technologies. And Standard 11.0 Motion __Checks for Understanding__: 0507.T/E.1 Explain how different inventions and technologies impact people and other living organisms. And Standard 11.0 Motion __SPI__: 0507.T/E.2 Recognize the connection between a scientific advance and the development of a new tool or technology. And Standard 11.0 Motion
 * 3. Pulley (Sarah Roach)**

0307.Inq.1. Explore different scientific phenomena by asking questions, making logical predictions, planning investigations, and recording data. 0307.Inq.2. Select and use appropriate tools and simple equipment to conduct an investigation. 0307.Inq.3 Organize data into appropriate tables, graphs, drawings, or diagrams. 0307.T/E.1 Describe how tools, technology, and inventions help to answer questions and solve problems. 0307.T/E.3 Identify appropriate materials, tools, and machines that can extend or enhance the ability to solve a specified problem. 0307.11.1 Explore how the direction of a moving object is affected by unbalanced forces. 0307.11.2 Recognize the relationship between the mass of an object and the force needed to move it. 0307.Inq.1 Identify specific investigations that could be used to answer a particular question and identify reasons for this choice. 0307.Inq.2. Identify specific tools needed to investigate specific questions. 0307.Inq.3. Maintain a science notebook that includes observations, data, diagrams, and explanations. 0307.T/E.4. Evaluate an invention that solves a problem and determine ways to improve the design. 0307.11.1. Plan an investigation to illustrate how changing the mass affects the balanced system. 0307.Inq.1. Select an investigation that could be used to answer a specific question. 0307.T/E.1 Select a tool, technology, or invention that was used to solve a human problem. 0307.11.1 Identify how the direction of a moving object is changed by an applied force. 0307.11.2 Demonstrate how changing the mass affects a balanced system. ||
 * 4. Motion & Friction-Katie Mattie**
 * GLE**:
 * Checks for Understanding:**
 * State Performance Indicators:**


 * Mixpod || **Sarah Roach and Tina Gibson**

media type="custom" key="11088338"

1. Simple Machines- 1.54- Sarah 2. Levers- 3.06- Sarah 3. Wheel and Axle- 1.41-Tina 4. Pulleys- 6.07- Tina 5. Friction- 2.33- Tina || || **//Move It! Work It!-// Katie Mattie** This book helps give children a broader horizon on simple machines that exist all around them. This book could be used not only for a science lesson, but music is incorporated within the book. It gives you the tempo that the song goes along with plus information to read to them after singing the song. At the end of the book, it gives the spreadsheet for the songs, a did you know section, glossary for the students to see the different definitions and what they mean that they sang throughout the book, suggestions for other books to read on machines or the function of a specific part of a machine, an on the web suggestion where the teachers can find educator-approved internet sites that relate to this book, and a list of books in the science songs series. || Volume 3 - Pages 72 - 76. The formative assessment will be done at the beginning of the lesson to uncover students' ideas about motion, particularly circular motion. || @http://www.edheads.org/activities/simple-machines/ This is a great game that allows you to find what things are simple machines in your house. I think this would be a great game to allow kids to chose which objects are levers. This could also go along with all of the other simple machines.
 * Children's Book
 * Formative Assessment Probe || **//Rolling Marbles// (Meagan Ricks)**
 * Websites || **1. Levers- (Tina Gibson)**

This is a really informational website which goes over the basic facts and ideas behind the wheel and axle. It also goes on to explain why a wheel and axle may be used in reverse when a large amount of power is available to apply to the axle itself.
 * 2. Wheel and Axle (Meagan Ricks)**
 * @http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/wheel/andaxle.html**

This website is really neat and informative. It has a lot of information, not just pulleys. There is a section of vocabulary and media and there is also a section where the students can "ask a scientist" and it has a lot of questions that children would ask with the answers. I think it is very beneficial for the students or parents to look at. Some of the information I didn't even know like one question was when was the first pulley made. It's a really great site.
 * 3. Pulley (Sarah Roach)**
 * @http://www.fossweb.com/modules3-6/LeversandPulleys/index.html**

@http://www.physics4kids.com/files/motion_friction.html This website is great for students to learn about friction in general and about the different aspects that go along with friction like friction and gas or liquids. It also discusses how to measure friction. There is a quiz that the students can take to see how much the know or have learned about friction at the end of the content. You can even go into the motion content after finishing friction. @http://www.physics4kids.com/files/motion_intro.html This is the same site, but it discusses motion. It has three sections: mechanics and motion, speed it up and slow it down, and simple and complex movement. There is also a quiz for motion as well as friction. This section includes a site tour after the quiz. || @http://www.cmu.edu/gipse/materials/pdf-2003/4-5/leverage-M_Smigel.pdf This is a great lesson plan that I think would be awesome to use in a classroom. It allows students to build their own levers out of K'nex and label each part of the lever. I think kids would really enjoy this and would definitely learn about how levers work.
 * 4. Motion & Friction-Katie Mattie**
 * Lesson Plans || **1. Levers- (Tina Gibson)**

@http://classroom.jc-schools.net/coleytech/units/machines/wheel.htm This looks like an awesome lesson plan for learning about simple machines with a focus on the wheel and axle which comes from the Tennessee Lesson Plan Builder and includes Tennessee State Standards specifically. It asks students to make comparisons between different simple machines and includes two different activities. It also has an art lesson assignment for homework for students to create a collage of wheels and axle.
 * 2. Wheel and Axle (Meagan Ricks)**

This lesson plan is very informative on simple machines. There is more than one on this page but the pulley one is really great! I am actually going to be using this lesson plan to do my activity. The students find out that it is easier to use a pulley than to use their hands.
 * 3. Pulley (Sarah Roach)**
 * @http://www.lessonplanspage.com/sciencemd6simplemachinesfullunit46-htm**

This is an excellent source for a lesson plan on motion and friction. It gives the objectives and the materials the students will need. It even includes the worksheet the students will use so you can print them off for your students. The procedure is very well organized and very detailed so the students will be consuming a lot of information. It includes adaptations for younger and older students. It lists discussion questions, an evaluation that gives one to three points for each student, extensions that students could use along with this activity to help them learn more, suggested readings that could be used for a reading activity if they want to read more about it, links they could visit to see examples of machines that create motion and friction in their everyday lives, a list of vocabulary words with a listening activity where the students hear the word used in a sentence, and the standards for the grade levels of 3-5 with the same subject area and standard, but a different benchmark. || Time:1.54
 * 4. Motion & Friction-Katie Mattie**
 * @http://www.discoveryeducation.com/teachers/free-lesson-plans/friction-in-our-lives.cfm**
 * Activities || **Opener-**
 * Mixpod:** Simple Machines

Time: 3:07 Time: 10 Minutes I will have students make a small mobile using a straw, string,paper clips, and shapes cut from poster board. We will only use four shapes. This will allow students to explore how levers work by balancing the shapes on the straw.
 * Mixpod:** Levers
 * 1. Levers (Tina Gibson)**
 * The Making of a Mobile-310**
 * Formative Assessment: Four Corners**

//**Mixpod:** Wheel and Axle// Time: 1.41 __//**2. Wheel and Axle (Meagan Ricks)**//__ //Time: 10 Minutes// This activity allows students to discover how screw drivers function to make work easier. I will modify this activity by using foam bricks instead of wood and by having a class discussion about what screw drivers could be used for to replace the E-learning portion.
 * //Easier Work - Page 313//**
 * //First Word, Last Word - Formative Assessment Probe #15//**

Time: 6.07 ( Will only watch about 1:30) This activity will teach the students how important pulleys really are and how they make our life more simple. @http://www.lessonplanspage.com/sciencemd6simplemachinesfullunit46-htm I will use my formative assessment after everyone has gotten a chance to make their own pulley.
 * Mixpod:** Pulleys
 * 3. Pulleys (Sarah Roach)**
 * Time:** 10 minutes
 * Formative Assessment # 54 pg. 176- Sequencing**

Time: 2.33
 * Mixpod:** Friction

__//**4. Motion & Friction-Katie Mattie**//__ //Page 322-324// I will modify this activity with the graph by having them use a 20 cm string first, then have them use a 40 and 60 cm string to determine the different number of swings. I will set up my activity at a table and have each group rotate, like a center. They will only use one washer first, then a second one to help determine a greater answer. I will not have a graph for them to use, instead I will have them record their data in their learning logs. I will show information on Galileo's experiment on Wikipedia for my E-learn. [|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum#1602:_Galileo.27s_research]
 * Pendulums**
 * Time: 15 minutes**

After completing the activity, I will use this video as an example of a pendulum.@http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jtlfj2BIRc
 * Formative Assessment: I used to think...but now I know**

Time: 5 minutes I will read this book after all the activities to give a brief overview of what the class has just learned about the different kinds of machine functions.@http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgFZJqXS45M&feature=relmfu ||
 * Closure-**
 * Book-//Move It! Work It! A song about simple machines-//Katie Mattie**